昇思25天学习打卡营第19天|LSTM+CRF序列标注

概述

序列标注指给定输入序列，给序列中每个Token进行标注标签的过程。序列标注问题通常用于从文本中进行信息抽取，包括分词(Word Segmentation)、词性标注(Position Tagging)、命名实体识别(Named Entity Recognition, NER)等。

条件随机场（CRF）

对序列进行标注，实际上是对序列中每个Token进行标签预测，可以直接视作简单的多分类问题。但是序列标注不仅仅需要对单个Token进行分类预测，同时相邻Token直接有关联关系。

设 $x=\begin{Bmatrix} x_0,...,x_n \end{Bmatrix}$ 为输入序列， $y=\begin{Bmatrix} y_0,...,y_n \end{Bmatrix}$ 为输出的标注序列，输出序列y的概率为：

$P(y|x)=\frac{exp(Score(x,y))}{\sum_{y'\in Y}exp(Score(x,y'))}$

定义两个概率函数

1. 发射概率函数 $\psi _{EMIT}$ ：表示 $x_i\rightarrow y_i$ 的概率

2. 转移概率函数 $\psi _{TRANS}$ ：表示 $y_{i-1}\rightarrow y_i$ 的概率

于是可以得到Score的计算公式：

$Score(x,y)=\sum_ilog\psi _{EMIT}(x_i\rightarrow y_i)+log\psi_{TRANS}(y_{i-1}\rightarrow y_i)$

设标签集合为T，构造大小为 $\left | T \right |\times \left | T \right |$ 的矩阵P，用于存储标签间的转移概率。

实现CRF层的前向训练部分，将CRF和损失函数做合并，选择分类问题常用的负对数似然函数，则有：

$Loss=-log(P(y|x))$

$Loss=-log(\frac{exp(Score(x,y))}{\sum_{y'\in Y}exp(Score(x,y'))}) \newline=log(\sum_{y'\in Y}exp(Score(x,y'))-Score(x,y))$

Score计算

def compute_score(emissions, tags, seq_ends, mask, trans, start_trans, end_trans):
    # emissions: (seq_length, batch_size, num_tags)
    # tags: (seq_length, batch_size)
    # mask: (seq_length, batch_size)

    seq_length, batch_size = tags.shape
    mask = mask.astype(emissions.dtype)

    # 将score设置为初始转移概率
    # shape: (batch_size,)
    score = start_trans[tags[0]]
    # score += 第一次发射概率
    # shape: (batch_size,)
    score += emissions[0, mnp.arange(batch_size), tags[0]]

    for i in range(1, seq_length):
        # 标签由i-1转移至i的转移概率（当mask == 1时有效）
        # shape: (batch_size,)
        score += trans[tags[i - 1], tags[i]] * mask[i]

        # 预测tags[i]的发射概率（当mask == 1时有效）
        # shape: (batch_size,)
        score += emissions[i, mnp.arange(batch_size), tags[i]] * mask[i]

    # 结束转移
    # shape: (batch_size,)
    last_tags = tags[seq_ends, mnp.arange(batch_size)]
    # score += 结束转移概率
    # shape: (batch_size,)
    score += end_trans[last_tags]

    return score

Normalizer计算

Normalizer可以改写为以下形式：

$log(\sum_{y'_{0,i}\in Y}exp(Score_i))=log(\sum_{y'_{0,i-1}\in Y}exp(Score_{i-1}+h_i+P))$

Normalizer代码实现如下：

def compute_normalizer(emissions, mask, trans, start_trans, end_trans):
    # emissions: (seq_length, batch_size, num_tags)
    # mask: (seq_length, batch_size)

    seq_length = emissions.shape[0]

    # 将score设置为初始转移概率，并加上第一次发射概率
    # shape: (batch_size, num_tags)
    score = start_trans + emissions[0]

    for i in range(1, seq_length):
        # 扩展score的维度用于总score的计算
        # shape: (batch_size, num_tags, 1)
        broadcast_score = score.expand_dims(2)

        # 扩展emission的维度用于总score的计算
        # shape: (batch_size, 1, num_tags)
        broadcast_emissions = emissions[i].expand_dims(1)

        # 根据公式(7)，计算score_i
        # 此时broadcast_score是由第0个到当前Token所有可能路径
        # 对应score的log_sum_exp
        # shape: (batch_size, num_tags, num_tags)
        next_score = broadcast_score + trans + broadcast_emissions

        # 对score_i做log_sum_exp运算，用于下一个Token的score计算
        # shape: (batch_size, num_tags)
        next_score = ops.logsumexp(next_score, axis=1)

        # 当mask == 1时，score才会变化
        # shape: (batch_size, num_tags)
        score = mnp.where(mask[i].expand_dims(1), next_score, score)

    # 最后加结束转移概率
    # shape: (batch_size, num_tags)
    score += end_trans
    # 对所有可能的路径得分求log_sum_exp
    # shape: (batch_size,)
    return ops.logsumexp(score, axis=1)

Viterbi算法

在完成前向训练部分后，需要实现解码部分。Viterbi算法与计算Normalizer类似，使用动态规划求解所有可能的预测序列得分。不同的是在解码时同时需要将第i个Token对应的score取值最大的标签保存，供后续使用Viterbi算法求解最优预测序列使用。

取得最大概率得分ScoreScore，以及每个Token对应的标签历史HistoryHistory后，根据Viterbi算法可以得到公式：

$P_{0,i}=max(P_{0,i-1})+P_{i-1,i}$

代码实现：

def viterbi_decode(emissions, mask, trans, start_trans, end_trans):
    # emissions: (seq_length, batch_size, num_tags)
    # mask: (seq_length, batch_size)

    seq_length = mask.shape[0]

    score = start_trans + emissions[0]
    history = ()

    for i in range(1, seq_length):
        broadcast_score = score.expand_dims(2)
        broadcast_emission = emissions[i].expand_dims(1)
        next_score = broadcast_score + trans + broadcast_emission

        # 求当前Token对应score取值最大的标签，并保存
        indices = next_score.argmax(axis=1)
        history += (indices,)

        next_score = next_score.max(axis=1)
        score = mnp.where(mask[i].expand_dims(1), next_score, score)

    score += end_trans

    return score, history

def post_decode(score, history, seq_length):
    # 使用Score和History计算最佳预测序列
    batch_size = seq_length.shape[0]
    seq_ends = seq_length - 1
    # shape: (batch_size,)
    best_tags_list = []

    # 依次对一个Batch中每个样例进行解码
    for idx in range(batch_size):
        # 查找使最后一个Token对应的预测概率最大的标签，
        # 并将其添加至最佳预测序列存储的列表中
        best_last_tag = score[idx].argmax(axis=0)
        best_tags = [int(best_last_tag.asnumpy())]

        # 重复查找每个Token对应的预测概率最大的标签，加入列表
        for hist in reversed(history[:seq_ends[idx]]):
            best_last_tag = hist[idx][best_tags[-1]]
            best_tags.append(int(best_last_tag.asnumpy()))

        # 将逆序求解的序列标签重置为正序
        best_tags.reverse()
        best_tags_list.append(best_tags)

    return best_tags_list

CRF层

CRF的输入需要考虑输入序列的真实长度，因此除发射矩阵和标签外，加入 seq_length 参数传入序列Padding前的长度，并实现生成mask矩阵的 sequence_mask 方法。

代码实现：

import mindspore as ms
import mindspore.nn as nn
import mindspore.ops as ops
import mindspore.numpy as mnp
from mindspore.common.initializer import initializer, Uniform

def sequence_mask(seq_length, max_length, batch_first=False):
    """根据序列实际长度和最大长度生成mask矩阵"""
    range_vector = mnp.arange(0, max_length, 1, seq_length.dtype)
    result = range_vector < seq_length.view(seq_length.shape + (1,))
    if batch_first:
        return result.astype(ms.int64)
    return result.astype(ms.int64).swapaxes(0, 1)

class CRF(nn.Cell):
    def __init__(self, num_tags: int, batch_first: bool = False, reduction: str = 'sum') -> None:
        if num_tags <= 0:
            raise ValueError(f'invalid number of tags: {num_tags}')
        super().__init__()
        if reduction not in ('none', 'sum', 'mean', 'token_mean'):
            raise ValueError(f'invalid reduction: {reduction}')
        self.num_tags = num_tags
        self.batch_first = batch_first
        self.reduction = reduction
        self.start_transitions = ms.Parameter(initializer(Uniform(0.1), (num_tags,)), name='start_transitions')
        self.end_transitions = ms.Parameter(initializer(Uniform(0.1), (num_tags,)), name='end_transitions')
        self.transitions = ms.Parameter(initializer(Uniform(0.1), (num_tags, num_tags)), name='transitions')

    def construct(self, emissions, tags=None, seq_length=None):
        if tags is None:
            return self._decode(emissions, seq_length)
        return self._forward(emissions, tags, seq_length)

    def _forward(self, emissions, tags=None, seq_length=None):
        if self.batch_first:
            batch_size, max_length = tags.shape
            emissions = emissions.swapaxes(0, 1)
            tags = tags.swapaxes(0, 1)
        else:
            max_length, batch_size = tags.shape

        if seq_length is None:
            seq_length = mnp.full((batch_size,), max_length, ms.int64)

        mask = sequence_mask(seq_length, max_length)

        # shape: (batch_size,)
        numerator = compute_score(emissions, tags, seq_length-1, mask, self.transitions, self.start_transitions, self.end_transitions)
        # shape: (batch_size,)
        denominator = compute_normalizer(emissions, mask, self.transitions, self.start_transitions, self.end_transitions)
        # shape: (batch_size,)
        llh = denominator - numerator

        if self.reduction == 'none':
            return llh
        if self.reduction == 'sum':
            return llh.sum()
        if self.reduction == 'mean':
            return llh.mean()
        return llh.sum() / mask.astype(emissions.dtype).sum()

    def _decode(self, emissions, seq_length=None):
        if self.batch_first:
            batch_size, max_length = emissions.shape[:2]
            emissions = emissions.swapaxes(0, 1)
        else:
            batch_size, max_length = emissions.shape[:2]

        if seq_length is None:
            seq_length = mnp.full((batch_size,), max_length, ms.int64)

        mask = sequence_mask(seq_length, max_length)

        return viterbi_decode(emissions, mask, self.transitions, self.start_transitions, self.end_transitions)

BiLSTM+CRF模型

其中LSTM提取序列特征，经过Dense层变换获得发射概率矩阵，最后送入CRF层。具体实现如下：

class BiLSTM_CRF(nn.Cell):
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embedding_dim, hidden_dim, num_tags, padding_idx=0):
        super().__init__()
        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim, padding_idx=padding_idx)
        self.lstm = nn.LSTM(embedding_dim, hidden_dim // 2, bidirectional=True, batch_first=True)
        self.hidden2tag = nn.Dense(hidden_dim, num_tags, 'he_uniform')
        self.crf = CRF(num_tags, batch_first=True)

    def construct(self, inputs, seq_length, tags=None):
        embeds = self.embedding(inputs)
        outputs, _ = self.lstm(embeds, seq_length=seq_length)
        feats = self.hidden2tag(outputs)

        crf_outs = self.crf(feats, tags, seq_length)
        return crf_outs

完成模型设计后，我们生成两句例子和对应的标签，并构造词表和标签表。

embedding_dim = 16
hidden_dim = 32

training_data = [(
    "清 华 大 学 坐 落 于 首 都 北 京".split(),
    "B I I I O O O O O B I".split()
), (
    "重 庆 是 一 个 魔 幻 城 市".split(),
    "B I O O O O O O O".split()
)]

word_to_idx = {}
word_to_idx['<pad>'] = 0
for sentence, tags in training_data:
    for word in sentence:
        if word not in word_to_idx:
            word_to_idx[word] = len(word_to_idx)

tag_to_idx = {"B": 0, "I": 1, "O": 2}

接下来实例化模型，选择优化器并将模型和优化器送入Wrapper。

model = BiLSTM_CRF(len(word_to_idx), embedding_dim, hidden_dim, len(tag_to_idx))
optimizer = nn.SGD(model.trainable_params(), learning_rate=0.01, weight_decay=1e-4)

grad_fn = ms.value_and_grad(model, None, optimizer.parameters)

def train_step(data, seq_length, label):
    loss, grads = grad_fn(data, seq_length, label)
    optimizer(grads)
    return loss

将生成的数据打包成Batch，按照序列最大长度，对长度不足的序列进行填充，分别返回输入序列、输出标签和序列长度构成的Tensor。

def prepare_sequence(seqs, word_to_idx, tag_to_idx):
    seq_outputs, label_outputs, seq_length = [], [], []
    max_len = max([len(i[0]) for i in seqs])

    for seq, tag in seqs:
        seq_length.append(len(seq))
        idxs = [word_to_idx[w] for w in seq]
        labels = [tag_to_idx[t] for t in tag]
        idxs.extend([word_to_idx['<pad>'] for i in range(max_len - len(seq))])
        labels.extend([tag_to_idx['O'] for i in range(max_len - len(seq))])
        seq_outputs.append(idxs)
        label_outputs.append(labels)

    return ms.Tensor(seq_outputs, ms.int64), \
            ms.Tensor(label_outputs, ms.int64), \
            ms.Tensor(seq_length, ms.int64)

对模型进行预编译后，训练500个step。

from tqdm import tqdm

steps = 500
with tqdm(total=steps) as t:
    for i in range(steps):
        loss = train_step(data, seq_length, label)
        t.set_postfix(loss=loss)
        t.update(1)

最后将预测的index序列转换为标签序列，打印输出结果，查看效果。

idx_to_tag = {idx: tag for tag, idx in tag_to_idx.items()}

def sequence_to_tag(sequences, idx_to_tag):
    outputs = []
    for seq in sequences:
        outputs.append([idx_to_tag[i] for i in seq])
    return outputs

sequence_to_tag(predict, idx_to_tag)

得到输出标签

[['B', 'I', 'I', 'I', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'B', 'I'],
 ['B', 'I', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'O', 'O']]

总结

LSTM用于提取序列特征，CRF用于序列标注，从而实现语义的切分。